ʻOku fakatuʻutuʻuni ʻe he fakaholo ʻo e ʻato meimei ʻa e meʻa kotoa fekauʻaki mo ia — ko e loloa ʻo e ʻakau, ko e mafatukituki ʻo e sinou mo e havili, ko e fili ʻo e meʻa ʻato, ko e fakamole ʻo e ʻakau, mo e māʻolunga ʻo e fale. Faʻu totonu ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e faʻunga pea ʻe laine ai ʻa e ngaahi kapaʻi, ʻe tāpuni maʻa ʻa e ngaahi pito gable, pea ʻe nofo ʻa e ngaahi tile pe pepa ʻi he tuliki naʻe fokotuʻu. Faʻu sese pea te ke fakamoleki ha ʻaho ʻe tolu ʻi hono toe tipi ʻo e ngaahi birdsmouth. ʻOku fai ʻe he kalakuleita fakaholo ʻo e ʻato ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e fika maʻau maʻau ʻi he metuliki pe imipealiale — hū ʻa e hake mo e laka, pea ʻe foki mai ʻe he ʻepi ʻa e fika ʻo e fakaholo, ko e tuliki ʻo e fakaholo ʻi he tikilī, mo e loloa ʻo e ʻakau ki ha hifo tonu pē ʻo e ʻato.
Ko e hā ʻoku fai ʻe he kalakuleita fakaholo
ʻOku ʻave ʻe he kalakuleita fakaholo ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e ngaahi hū ʻe ua — ko e hake fakatuʻu mo e laka fakatāfā — pea foki mai ʻa e ngaahi ola ʻe tolu: ko e fika ʻo e fakaholo (hangē ko e 6/12), ko e tuliki ʻo e fakaholo ʻi he tikilī (hangē ko e 26.6°), mo e loloa ʻo e ʻakau (ko e mamaʻo fakahalafohi mei he papa ʻo e holisi ki he tumutumu). ʻOku ngāue ʻa e kalakuleita tatau pē ki he ngaahi ʻakau ʻato kakato, ngaahi fakaholo ʻo e veranda, ngaahi ʻakau dormer, ngaahi ʻato lean-to, mo ha faʻahinga palopalema hake-ki-he-laka pē ʻi ha langa — kau ai ʻa e ngaahi pou ʻo e hala-fāʻele mo e ngaahi fakaholo ʻo e rampe.
ʻOku ngāue ʻa e ʻepi fakalokolo ʻi he iOS mo Android taʻe ha ʻinitaneti, ko ia ʻoku ngāue ai ʻa e lau pe ʻokú ke ʻi ha tumutumu havili taʻe ha fakaʻiloa pe ʻi ha fale ʻi lalo ʻo e kelekele mo e ngaahi holisi sima. Sui ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e metuliki mo e imipealiale taʻe ha toe kamata pea fakatolonga ha ngaahi fakaholo angamaheni (4/12, 6/12, 12/12) ko ha presets kapau ʻokú ke faʻa langa ʻa e fa’ahinga ʻato tatau.
Sino ʻo e fakaholo ʻo e ʻato mo e ʻakau
ʻOku fakatupu ʻe ha ʻakau angamaheni ha tapatolu fakatuʻutāmaki tonu. Ko e tafa fakatāfā ko e laka (vaheua ʻo e laulahi ʻo e fale, fua ʻi he ʻolunga ʻo e papa ʻo e holisi). Ko e tafa fakatuʻu ko e hake (mei he papa ʻo e holisi ki ʻolunga ki lalo ʻo e tumutumu). Ko e hypotenuse ko e ʻakau — ko e ʻakau ʻokú ne fua ʻa e meʻa ʻato mei he tumutumu ki he papa ʻo e holisi.
ʻI he fakatātā: (1) hake, (2) laka, (3) ʻakau, (4) tuliki ʻo e fakaholo, (5) birdsmouth.
Ko e fika ʻo e fakaholo ko e hake/laka kuo fakahā fakafehoanaki ki ha laka angamaheni (ʻinisi ʻe 12 pe 300mm). Ko ha ʻato ʻoku hake ʻi he ʻinisi ʻe 6 ki he ʻinisi ʻe 12 ʻo e laka ko ha fakaholo “6/12” pe “ono ʻi he hongofulu mā ua”. Ko e tuliki ʻo e fakaholo ko e fakaholo tatau pē kuo fakahā ʻi he tikilī: arctan(hake / laka). Ko e fakaholo 6/12 ʻoku tatau nai mo e 26.6°.
Ko e birdsmouth ko e tipi ʻoku tipi ki he ʻakau ʻi he feituʻu ʻokú ne fefakatauʻaki mo e papa ʻo e holisi — ʻoku ʻi ai ha nofoʻanga fakatāfā ʻoku malolo ki he papa mo ha vaʻe fakatuʻu ʻoku nofo lelei ki he funga ʻi tuʻa. Ko e tuʻa ʻo e kapaʻi ʻato ko e konga ʻo e ʻakau ʻoku tuʻu ʻi tuʻa ʻo e birdsmouth — ʻoku fa’a 300–450mm ki he ʻato ʻapi. ʻOku vaheua ʻe he mātoʻato ʻo e tumutumu ʻa e laka ʻaonga koeʻuhí ʻoku tuʻu moʻoni ʻa e ʻakau ʻi he laine lotoloto ʻo e papa ʻo e tumutumu, kae ʻikai ʻi he funga ʻi loto. Ki ha tumutumu 38mm, toʻo ʻa e 19mm mei he laka.
ʻE anga fēfē hono lau ʻo e fakaholo ʻo e ʻato (hake-ki-he-laka)
ʻOku tonu ʻa e founga angamaheni ʻo e hake-ki-he-laka:
- Fua ʻa e hake — ko e mamaʻo fakatuʻu mei he ʻolunga ʻo e papa ʻo e holisi ki lalo ʻo e papa ʻo e tumutumu.
- Fua ʻa e laka — ko e mamaʻo fakatāfā mei he laine lotoloto ʻo e papa ʻo e holisi ki he laine lotoloto ʻo e tumutumu.
- Fakahā ko e hake/laka fakafehoanaki ki ha laka 12-ʻinisi pe 300mm — fakaualua pe vahevahe ʻa e ongo fika ʻe ua ʻi he meʻa ʻe fie maʻu.
- Fakapapauʻi mo Chippy Tools — hū ʻa e hake mo e laka taʻe ha foliga, pea ʻe foki mai ʻe he ʻepi ʻa e fakaholo angamaheni mo e tuliki ʻi he tikilī.
Ki ha fakatātā imipealiale kuo fai: ʻoku hake ʻa e ʻato ʻi he futa ʻe 4 (ʻinisi ʻe 48) ki he laka 12-futa (144-ʻinisi). Faʻu angamaheni ki ha laka 12-ʻinisi: 48 ÷ 12 = ʻinisi ʻe 4 ki he 12. Ko ha fakaholo 4/12, ʻoku tatau mo e arctan(4/12) ≈ 18.4°. Fakatātā metuliki: ʻoku hake ʻa e ʻato ʻi he 1.5m ki he laka 3m. Faʻu angamaheni ki ha laka 300mm: 1.5m × (300/3000) = 150mm hake ki he 300mm laka. Ko ha fakaholo 1/2 (pe “150 ʻi he 300”), ʻoku tatau mo e arctan(150/300) = 26.6°.
ʻE anga fēfē hono lau ʻo e loloa ʻo e ʻakau
Ko e loloa ʻo e ʻakau ko e hypotenuse ia ʻo e tapatolu tuliki-tapafā ʻo e hake/laka, ʻoku lau ʻaki ʻa Pythagoras:
loloa ʻo e ʻakau = √(hake² + laka²)
Ki ha fakaholo 6/12 ki he laka 4.0m: hake = 4.0 × (6/12) = 2.0m, ko ia ko e ʻakau = √(4.0² + 2.0²) = √(16 + 4) = √20 ≈ 4.47m. Tānaki ʻa e tuʻa ʻo e kapaʻi ki he fika ko ia ʻi hoʻo oka — ko ha tuʻa kapaʻi ko e 450mm ʻe ʻave ai ʻa e loloa ʻo e oka ki he ~4.92m, tatau hake ki he loloa hokohoko ʻoku ʻi ai (5.4m pe 6.0m).
Ki ha fakatātā imipealiale mo ha fakaholo 9/12 ki he laka 16-futa: hake = 16 × (9/12) = futa ʻe 12. ʻAkau = √(16² + 12²) = √(256 + 144) = √400 = futa ʻe 20 tonu. Tatau hake ki he loloa 22-futa hokohoko ki he ngaahi tipi pito mo e tuʻa kapaʻi.
ʻOku foki tonu mai ʻe he kalakuleita fakaholo ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e loloa ʻo e ʻakau koeʻuhí ke ke kuoteina ʻa e koloa ʻi muʻa ʻi hoʻo tipi.
Lau ʻa e Fakaholo mo e Loloa ʻo e ʻAkau ʻi he Feituʻu Ngāue
Download ʻa Chippy Tools pea ngāueʻaki ʻa e kalakuleita fakaholo ʻi he iOS pe Android. ʻI he taʻe ʻinitaneti, vave, mo tonu — ʻoku ʻikai fie maʻu ha fakaʻiloa ke fua ha ʻato.
Ngaahi fakaholo ʻo e ʻato angamaheni mo honau ngāueʻaki
| Fakaholo | Tuliki | Ngāueʻaki angamaheni |
|---|---|---|
| 1/12 (mo siʻi hifo) | 4.8° | Metala fakapisinisi tafangafanga, ʻato fakapisinisi built-up, ngaahi ʻapi fakaonopōʻūloa |
| 2/12 | 9.5° | Ngaahi ʻapi fakaonopōʻūloa fōtunga tafangafanga; ʻato metala pē |
| 3/12 | 14.0° | Ngaahi veranda fakaholo siʻi, ngaahi awning; metala standing-seam |
| 4/12 | 18.4° | Siʻi taha angamaheni ki he ngaahi shingle ʻasifalate; ngaahi ʻapi palani ʻAositelēlia |
| 6/12 | 26.6° | Fakaholo ʻo e ʻapi ʻo e ʻAmelika Tokelau angamaheni taha; ʻoku ngāue mo e shingle, metala, tile |
| 8/12 | 33.7° | Ngaahi ʻapi tukufakaholo fōtunga fakaholo; tafe lelei ange ʻa e sinou |
| 9/12 | 36.9° | Ngaahi ʻapi tukufakaholo mo Vitolia |
| 10/12 | 39.8° | Ngaahi ʻapi langa fakaholo; ngaahi sitaila vaitaimi ʻAositelēlia |
| 12/12 | 45° | Tukufakaholo “fakaholo-kakato” — slate, fakaikiiki langa fakaholo lahi |
Ko e siʻi taha 4/12 ki he ngaahi shingle ʻasifalate ko ha fakahā lao angamaheni ka ʻoku kehekehe ʻa e siʻi taha makehe ʻo fakatatau ki he sisitemi ʻo e underlayment — sivi maʻu pē ʻa e fakaikiiki ʻa e tagata gaohi. ʻOku fa’a fie maʻu ʻe he tile mo e slate ha 5/12 siʻi taha ke taʻofi ʻa e ʻuha mei hono pusi hake ki lalo ʻo e ngaahi fakavaʻe ʻi ha havili mālohi.
Birdsmouth, mātoʻato ʻo e tumutumu, mo e tuʻa ʻo e kapaʻi
ʻI hoʻo tipi ha ʻakau, ko ha ngaahi toʻo ʻe tolu mo ha tānaki ʻe taha ʻokú ne liliu ʻa e loloa ʻo e ʻakau Pythagoras taʻe ha foliga:
- Toʻo ʻa e vaheua ʻo e mātoʻato ʻo e papa ʻo e tumutumu mei he laka kimuʻa ʻi he lau ʻo e ʻakau — ʻoku tuʻu moʻoni ʻa e ʻakau ʻi he laine lotoloto ʻo e tumutumu, kae ʻikai ʻi he funga ʻi loto. Ki ha tumutumu 38mm, toʻo ʻa e 19mm mei he laka.
- Toʻo ʻa e loloto fakatuʻu ʻo e birdsmouth mei he hake ʻaonga ʻi he papa ʻo e holisi. ʻOku nofo ʻa e tipi ʻo e nofoʻanga ʻi he ʻolunga ʻo e papa; ʻoku malolo ʻa e vaʻe ʻo e ʻakau ki he funga ʻo e papa. Ko e māʻolunga ʻo e malolo ko e loloto ʻo e ʻakau toʻo ʻa e loloto ʻo e nofoʻanga.
- Tānaki ʻa e tuʻa ʻo e kapaʻi ki he loloa ʻo e ʻakau ʻi hoʻo oka. Ko ha tuʻa 450mm ʻe tānaki ai ha 450mm ʻo e ʻakau ʻoku tuʻu ʻi tuʻa ʻo e birdsmouth. ʻOua ʻe tānaki kimuʻa ʻi he lau ʻo e Pythagoras — tānaki ki he loloa ʻo e tipi ʻi hoʻo maʻu ʻa e loloa ʻo e ʻakau ʻi loto ʻo e tapatolu.
- Tatau hake ki he loloa hokohoko ʻoku ʻi ai ʻi hoʻo oka.
ʻOku foki mai ʻe he kalakuleita fakaholo ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e loloa ʻo e ʻakau ʻi loto ʻo e tapatolu. Ngāueʻaki fakalava ʻa e ngaahi fakatonutonu ʻo e tumutumu/birdsmouth/tuʻa fakatatau ki he ʻakau ʻo e ʻakau mo e fua ʻo e tumutumu ʻokú ke ngāueʻaki.
Faʻunga ʻato hip
ʻOku fakaholo ʻa e ngaahi ʻato hip ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe fā kotoa — ʻoku fetongi ʻa e ngaahi pito gable ʻe ha vakapuna hip tapatolu. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he faʻunga hip ha ngaahi faʻahinga ʻakau ʻe tolu:
- ʻOku tafe ʻa e ngaahi ʻakau angamaheni fakahangatonu mei he papa ʻo e holisi ki ʻolunga ki he tumutumu, hangē tofu pē ko ha ʻato gable. Lau ki ai ʻi Chippy Tools ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e fomula angamaheni ʻo e hake/laka/ʻakau.
- ʻOku tafe ʻa e ngaahi ʻakau hip fakahalafohi mei he tuliki ʻo e fale ki ʻolunga ki he pou tuʻi (ko e feituʻu ʻoku ngata ai ʻa e tumutumu). ʻOku loloa ange ʻa honau hypotenuse: loloa ʻo e ʻakau hip = √(ʻakau angamaheni² + vahevahe-ua-laulahi-fale²). ʻOku nofo ʻa e ʻakau hip ʻi ha fakaholo kehe mei he ngaahi ʻakau angamaheni koeʻuhí ʻokú ne kolosi ʻa e tuliki fakahalafohi.
- ʻOku tafe ʻa e ngaahi ʻakau jack mei he papa ʻo e holisi ki he ʻakau hip, ʻo nounou ange faka kihi ʻi heʻenau ofi ki he tuliki. Ko e loloa ʻo e ʻakau jack ko e loloa ʻo e ʻakau angamaheni × (mamaʻo mei he tuliki / laka kātoa ʻo e hip).
ʻOku ʻi he palani Chippy Tools ha kalakuleita ʻato hip makehe. ʻI he taimi ni, ngāueʻaki ʻa e kalakuleita fakaholo ki he ʻakau angamaheni pea toe-lau ʻa e loloa ʻo e ngaahi ʻakau hip mo jack mei he fōtunga ʻo hoʻo ʻato pau.
Fakaholo ʻo e ʻato mo e ngaahi meʻa ʻato
ʻOku fakatuʻutuʻuni ʻe he fakaholo ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻe lava ke ke fakahū, ko e fa’ahinga underlayment ʻokú ke fie maʻu, mo e founga ʻe ʻalu ai ʻa e ngaahi fakavaʻe ʻi lalo ʻo e ʻuha mālohi.
Fakaholo siʻi (1/12 ki he 3/12) — bituminous built-up, EPDM membrane, metala standing-seam mo ha seam siliina, metala fa’avaivai sikulu-ki-lalo mo ha fakavaʻe lahi ange. ʻOku ngāue ʻa e ngaahi shingle ʻasifalate ki lalo ki he 2/12 mo ha underlayment fakatouʻosi makehe pē. ʻOku ʻikai fa’a ngāue ʻa e tile.
Fakaholo lotoloto (4/12 ki he 7/12) — ngaahi shingle ʻasifalate ʻi ha vahefonua pē, ngaahi fōtunga metala kotoa, sima mo e tile ʻumea mei he 5/12, slate mei he 6/12. Ko e tuʻunga lautele taha ki he fili ʻo e meʻa mo e faʻunga taʻetotongi taha.
Fakaholo lahi (8/12 mo ʻolunga) — ʻe lava ke fai ha meʻa pē. ʻOku saiʻia ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu sinou ʻi he 8/12+ ki he tafe; ʻoku ueʻi ʻe he ngaahi sitaila langa ʻa e fili ʻo e 10/12 mo e 12/12. ʻOku fakaʻofoʻofa taha ʻa e tile mo e slate ʻi he hifo ko ʻeni.
Matematika ʻAto ʻOku Ngāue Pē
ʻOku tokangaʻi ʻe Chippy Tools ʻa e fakaholo ʻo e ʻato, loloa ʻo e ʻakau, sitepu ʻo e teki, vahaʻa balustrade, mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e teki ʻi he ʻepi ʻe taha. Download ʻi he tuʻo taha, lau ʻi ha feituʻu pē — ʻoku ʻikai fie maʻu ha ʻinitaneti.
Lao langa mo e ngaahi fie maʻu fakaholo siʻi taha
ʻOku kehekehe ʻa e siʻi taha ʻo e fakaholo ʻo e fakatatau ki he vahefonua mo e meʻa:
- ʻAositelēlia (NCC mo NASH) — ʻoku fa’a fie maʻu ʻe he ʻato metala ha 5° (≈ 1/12) siʻi taha; tile fa’a 15° (≈ 3/12). ʻOku faka mālohi ʻe he ngaahi vahefonua afā ʻa e meʻa ni.
- Pilitania (Approved Document C, BS 5534) — siʻi taha 17.5° ki he tile ʻumea/sima mo e underlayment; 12.5° ki he niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi tile sima fefiloi.
- ʻAmelika (IRC mo IBC) — shingle ʻasifalate siʻi taha 2/12 (mo e underlayment fakatouʻosi) pe 4/12 (taha); tile siʻi taha 4/12 mo e underlayment fakaakemika.
- Niu Sila (NZBC E2) — ʻato metala siʻi taha 3°; tile siʻi taha 15°. ʻOku tānaki ʻe he ngaahi vahefonua havili mālohi ha ngaahi fakangatangata mālohi ange.
Fakapapauʻi maʻu pē mo hoʻo kau fakafofonga fakalotofonua, maʻuʻanga ʻo e mafai langa, mo e tohi tataki fakapipi ʻa e tagata gaohi ʻato kimuʻa ʻi hoʻo fili ha fakaholo. ʻOku liliu ʻa e ngaahi lao pea ʻoku faʻu ʻe he ngaahi kau fakafofonga niʻihi ha ngaahi siʻi taha fakalotofonua mālohi ange ʻi he tuʻunga fakafonua.
Ngaahi ʻuta imipealiale mo metuliki
ʻOku tali ʻe Chippy Tools ʻa e milimita, sentimita, mita, futa, ʻinisi, pe ko e futa mo e ʻinisi ʻi ha tuʻunga pē. Hū ʻa e hake ʻi he ʻinisi mo e laka ʻi he mita ʻi he lau tatau pē — ʻoku liliu ʻe he ʻepi ʻi loto. ʻOku ʻikai ha ʻuta ki he fika ʻo e fakaholo, ko ia ʻoku fakatupu ʻe he 6/12 ʻinisi mo e 150/300mm ʻa e fakaholo tatau pē mo e tuliki tatau pē.
Ki he kau langa ʻAositelēlia mo metuliki ʻokú nau ngāue mo e ngaahi fakaikiiki ʻato kuo paaki ʻi ʻAmelika, ko e founga faingofua taha ko hono hū ʻo e ngaahi fua ʻi he mm, lau ʻa e fakaholo ʻi he tikilī (ʻa ia ʻoku fakavaha lautele), pea fili ha fika ʻo e fakaholo ʻoku fenāpasi mo e fika tatau te ke vakai ki ai ʻi ha tā ʻAmelika.
Ko e hā ke ngāueʻaki ai ha kalakuleita fakaholo ʻo e ʻato ʻi ho telefoni
Kuo langa ʻa e ʻepi Chippy Tools ki he kau ngāue ʻokú nau fie maʻu ʻa e ngaahi lau ʻi he feituʻu ngāue taʻe ha ʻinitaneti. Kuo fakahoa ʻa e kalakuleita fakaholo ʻi he ʻepi tatau pē mo e Kalakuleita Sitepu, Kalakuleita Teki, mo e Kalakuleita Tapatolu — lau ʻa e ʻato, teki ʻo e veranda, sitepu ʻo e teki, mo e ngaahi miter trim ʻi he ngāue tatau ʻe taha taʻe ha toe hū ʻo e ngaahi fua.
ʻOku maumau ʻa e ngaahi kalakuleita fakaholo uepi ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu langa fou mamaʻo ʻoku tepatepa ai ʻa e 4G. ʻOku ngāue fakalokolo ʻa e kalakuleita Chippy Tools — ʻoku ʻi he sikulini ʻa e tali ʻi he siʻi ange ʻi he sēkoni ʻe taha. Sui ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e metuliki mo e imipealiale taʻe ha toe kamata, fakatolonga ha ngaahi presets angamaheni 4/12 / 6/12 / 8/12, pea toʻo hake ʻa e kalakuleita hangatonu mei hoʻo widget peesi ʻapi ʻi he taimi ʻoku fehuʻi mai ai ha kasitoma ki ha totongi vave lolotonga ha kuoteina.
Ngaahi kalakuleita kāinga
- Kalakuleita Sitepu — ko e lau hake-ki-he-laka tatau pē kuo fakaʻaongaʻi ki he ngaahi sitepu mo e ngaahi pou
- Kalakuleita Tapatolu — ki he fōtunga ʻo e ʻakau hip, ngaahi tuliki miter, mo ha faʻahinga palopalema tapatolu tuliki-tapafā lautele pē
- Kalakuleita Holisi Hifo — ki hono tipi ʻo e ngaahi pou holisi ke muimui ki ha laine ʻato hifo ʻi lalo ʻo ha gable
- Kalakuleita Teki — ki he fua ʻo e veranda mo e teki ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku fehokotaki ai ʻa e fakaholo ʻo e ʻato mo ha teki