ʻOku hangē ko ha hala-fāʻele ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa faingofua taha ʻi ha ʻapi — ko ha laine ʻo e sitepu mei he taha faliki ki he taha — kae ʻoua naʻa ke kamata ʻo fua. Sese ha milimita siʻi ʻo e māʻolunga ʻo e hake pea ʻe ʻikai te ne pasi ʻa e siʻate pe ongoʻi ʻikai fakaofiofi ʻi lalo ʻo e vaʻe. Sese ha tipi ʻo e pou pea te ke maumau ha 4 mita ʻo e ʻakau langa. ʻOku fai ʻe he kalakuleita sitepu ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e lau maʻau maʻau ʻi he metuliki pe imipealiale, fakakau ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni hake māʻolunga mo siʻi taha ʻi ho vahefonua, pea foki mai ʻa e loloa ʻo e pou, loloa ʻo e laka, loloa ʻo e tefito, mo e fika ʻo e laupapa ki ha hala-fāʻele tonu pē mei ha sitepu ngoue 600mm ki ha hake fakaʻapi atoa 3 mita.
Ko e hā ʻoku fai ʻe he kalakuleita sitepu
ʻOku ʻave ʻe he kalakuleita sitepu ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e fua fakapau ʻe taha — ko e hake kātoa (mamaʻo fakahangatonu mei he faliki kuo fakaʻosi ki he faliki kuo fakaʻosi) — pea foki mai ʻa e fika ʻo e hake, ko e māʻolunga moʻoni ʻo e hake ʻi he sitepu taki taha, ko e laka (loloto ʻo e laupapa), ko e loloa ʻo e tefito kātoa (laka), mo e loloa ʻo e pou. ʻOku faka ngofuaʻi koe ʻe he ngaahi hū fili ke ke fokotuʻu ha māʻolunga taumuʻa ʻo e hake, ha hake māʻolunga taha, ha hake siʻi taha, mo ha laka taumuʻa ke fenāpasi mo hoʻo lao langa fakalotofonua pe ko hoʻo loto pē. ʻOku ngāue ʻa e ʻepi fakalokolo ʻi he iOS mo Android taʻe ha ʻinitaneti, ko ia ʻoku ngāue ai ʻa e lau ʻi ha feituʻu ngāue pē neongo pe ʻoku ke maʻu ha fakaʻiloa pe ʻikai.
ʻOku tokangaʻi ʻe he kalakuleita tatau pē ʻa e ngaahi sitepu loto fale, ngaahi sitepu ʻo e teki, ngaahi sitepu ngoue, ngaahi sitepu fale ʻi lalo, mo e ngaahi sitepu ʻi lalo ʻo ha hala-fāʻele suaki. Ki he ngaahi fokotuʻutuʻu lavea ange — ngaahi tuʻunga toka, ngaahi suaki, ngaahi mioi — lau ʻa e flight tonu taki taha taʻe ki ʻolunga taha ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e hake kātoa felāveʻi ki he konga ko ia.
Sino ʻo e hala-fāʻele: hake, laka, mo e pou
Ko ha hala-fāʻele tonu ko ha tapatolu fakatuʻutāmaki tonu pē. Ko e tafa fakatuʻu ko e hake kātoa (māʻolunga mei he faliki ki he faliki). Ko e tafa fakatāfā ko e laka kātoa pe loloa ʻo e tefito. Ko e hypotenuse ko e pou — ko e papa langa ʻa ia ʻoku pipi ki ai ʻa e ngaahi laupapa mo e ngaahi tuʻu. ʻI loto ʻo e tapatolu, ko e fōtunga ʻo e hala-fāʻele ko e zigzag angamaheni ʻo e laupapa fakatāfā mo e tuʻu fakatuʻu.
ʻI he fakatātā: (1) hake kātoa, (2) laka kātoa, (3) pou, (4) hake taki taha, (5) laka / laupapa.
Ko e hake taki taha ko e māʻolunga fakatuʻu ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ongo laupapa ʻe ua hokohoko. Ko e laka taki taha ko e loloto fakatāfā ʻo e laupapa ʻe taha (ʻoku fa’a ui ko e “laka” ʻo ha sitepu taha, ʻo kehe mei he laka kātoa). Ko e laupapa ko e papa moʻoni ʻa ia ʻoku ke laka ki ai — ko hono loloto moʻoni ʻoku fa’a lahi siʻi ange ʻi he laka koeʻuhí ke faka ngofuaʻi ʻa e tuʻu mai ʻa e ihu ʻi muʻa. Ko e tuʻu ko e papa fakatuʻu ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ongo laupapa ʻe ua (ʻoku fakangaloʻi ia ʻe he ngaahi sitepu tuʻu-ava).
ʻOku tahataha ange ʻa e fika ʻo e hake ʻi he fika ʻo e laka — ʻoku ʻikai ha laka ʻi he pito tonu ʻi ʻolunga ʻo e flight koeʻuhí ʻoku ke laka hangatonu ki he faliki ʻi ʻolunga. Ko ia ko ha hala-fāʻele mo e hake ʻe 14 ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e laka ʻe 13.
ʻE anga fēfē hono lau ʻo e hake mo e laka ʻo e sitepu
ʻOku tonu ʻa e founga lau ʻo e sitepu:
- Fua ʻa e hake kātoa — mamaʻo fakatuʻu mei he faliki ki he faliki. Ko e hū pē ʻe taha ʻoku fie maʻu mooni ʻe he kalakuleita ʻa Chippy Tools.
- Fili ha māʻolunga taumuʻa ʻo e hake — ʻoku fa’a ko e 180mm (7-3/32") ki he ngāue ʻapi, ʻi ha feituʻu ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo hoʻo hake siʻi taha mo lahi taha fakalotofonua.
- Vahevahe hake kātoa ÷ hake taumuʻa — tatau ki he fika kātoa ofi taha ke maʻu ʻa e fika ʻo e hake.
- Toe lau ki tuʻa ʻa e hake moʻoni — hake kātoa ÷ fika ʻo e hake ʻe ʻomai ai ʻa e māʻolunga moʻoni ʻo e hake ʻi he sitepu taki taha.
- Fakapapauʻi ʻoku ʻi loto ʻa e hake ʻi he fakangatangata māʻolunga/siʻi taha ʻo hoʻo lao fakalotofonua — kapau ʻikai, tānaki pe toʻo ha sitepu pea toe fai.
Ki ha fakatātā kuo fai, toʻo ha hake mei he faliki ki he faliki ko e 2,700mm. Hake taumuʻa 180mm: 2700 ÷ 180 = 15. Tatau ki he 15. Toe lau ki tuʻa: 2700 ÷ 15 = 180mm tonu — haohaoa. ʻOku fie maʻu ʻe he hala-fāʻele ʻa e hake ʻe 15 (tuʻu ʻe 15) pea ko ia ʻa e laka ʻe 14 (laupapa ʻe 14). Ko hono fili ha laka ko e 250mm ʻe ʻomai ai ha loloa tefito ko e (14 × 250) = 3500mm ʻo e laka fakatāfā. ʻOku fai tonu ʻe he kalakuleita Chippy Tools ʻa e fakatataa ko ʻeni koeʻuhí ke ʻoua naʻa ke alea ʻi ho ʻatamai ʻi he laka-mei-tafaʻaki vs laka-ki-tafaʻaki ʻi he feituʻu ngāue.
Lau ʻa e Ngaahi Sitepu ʻi he Feituʻu Ngāue
Download ʻa Chippy Tools pea ngāueʻaki ʻa e kalakuleita sitepu ʻi he iOS pe Android. ʻI he taʻe ʻinitaneti, vave, mo tonu — ʻoku ʻikai fie maʻu ha fakaʻiloa ke fokotuʻu ha hala-fāʻele.
ʻE anga fēfē hono lau ʻo e loloa ʻo e pou ʻo e sitepu
Ko e loloa ʻo e pou ko e mamaʻo fakahalafohi mei he lalo ʻo e tipi ʻo e laupapa ʻi lalo ki he ʻolunga ʻo e tipi ʻo e tuʻunga toka ʻi ʻolunga. Koeʻuhí ʻoku fakatupu ʻe ha hala-fāʻele tonu ha tapatolu fakatuʻutāmaki tonu, ko e loloa ʻo e pou ko e hypotenuse pē: pou = √(hake kātoa² + laka kātoa²).
Ki he fakatātā 2,700mm × 3,500mm ʻi ʻolunga, ko e loloa ʻo e pou ko e √(2700² + 3500²) = √(7,290,000 + 12,250,000) = √19,540,000 ≈ 4,420mm. ʻI he imipealiale: ko e hake 9-futa mo e laka 11.5-futa ʻe ʻomai ʻa e pou √(81 + 132.25) ≈ √213.25 ≈ 14'7". Tatau hake ki he loloa ʻo e ʻakau angamaheni ofi taha (4.8m pe 16’) ʻi hoʻo oka, koeʻuhí te ke molo ha senitimita ʻe niʻihi ʻi he pito taki taha ʻi he ngaahi tipi.
ʻOku foki tonu mai ʻe he kalakuleita sitepu ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e loloa ʻo e pou koeʻuhí ke ke kuoteina ʻa e koloa ʻi muʻa ʻi hoʻo tipi. Kapau ʻoku ke ngāueʻaki ha pou LVL fakaakemika pe pou laminate ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo e ʻakau malohi, ʻoku tatau pē ʻa e loloa; fakapapauʻi pē mo hoʻo supla ʻa e maʻu ʻo e loloa angamaheni ʻi he taimi teʻeki ai fua hoʻo hala-fāʻele ke fenāpasi."
Hono lau ʻo e ngaahi sitepu ki ha teki
ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he ngaahi sitepu teki ʻa e lau tatau pē mo e ngaahi sitepu loto fale, mo e meʻa fakaʻosi ʻe taha: ʻoku fa’a tō ʻa e sitepu ʻi lalo ki ha papa simā pe paver, kae ʻikai ki ha faliki kuo fakaʻosi. Fua ʻa e hake kātoa mei he ʻolunga ʻo e funga ʻo e teki ki lalo ki he ʻolunga ʻo e paver ʻi lalo (pe tuʻunga ʻo e kelekele kuo fakaʻosi kapau ʻokú ke laka ki ha kelekele kuo tā pe sēkilipi).
Ko ha teki angamaheni 600mm hono māʻolunga ʻoku fie maʻu ki ai ʻa e hake ʻe 3 ʻi he 200mm taki taha — ʻoku tō ʻa e sitepu ʻi lalo ki ha paver 600×900 ʻi he tuʻunga kelekele, pea ke ʻalu hake ʻi he sitepu 200mm ʻe tolu ki he funga ʻo e teki. Ko ha teki māʻolunga ange 1,200mm ʻoku fie maʻu ki ai ʻa e hake ʻe 6–7, pea ʻi he māʻolunga ko ia ʻoku totonu ke ke tānaki ha pou puipui fakatatau ki he tokolahi ʻo e ngaahi lao langa. ʻOku tokangaʻi hangatonu ʻe he kalakuleita sitepu ʻa Chippy Tools ʻa e fakatataa ʻo e sitepu teki — hū ʻa e hake kātoa pea ʻe foki mai ʻe he ʻepi ʻa e fika ʻo e hake, laka, mo e loloa ʻo e pou ke fenāpasi.
Ki he ngaahi sitepu teki, ʻoku ʻi ai ha ongo meʻa mahuʻinga ʻe ua: (1) ʻOku totonu ke malolo ʻa e lalo ʻo e pou taki taha ʻi ha funga ʻoku ʻikai popō, ʻoku fa’a ko ha paver simā pe ko ha sevae pou kuo galu — ʻoua ʻe tanu ʻa e pou ʻi he kelekele. (2) ʻOku pipi ʻa e ʻolunga ʻo e pou taki taha ki he rim joist ʻo e teki ʻi ha fehokotaki hangered pe ko ha cleat kuo nochi — fakapapauʻi ʻa e founga fehokotaki mo hoʻo lao fakalotofonua ʻi muʻa ʻi he tipi.
Ngaahi sitepu mo ha tuʻunga toka
ʻOku motuhia ʻe ha tuʻunga toka ha flight tonu ki ha ongo flight nounou ʻe ua kuo fehokotaki ʻe ha papa fakatāfā. ʻOku fie maʻu ha tuʻunga toka ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi ʻi he taimi ʻoku tuʻa atu ai ʻa e hake kātoa ʻi ha laine fakangatangata (ʻoku fa’a 3.6m ʻi he AU NCC, tuʻu ʻe 12 ʻi he US IRC). ʻOku ʻaonga foki ki he liliu ʻo e tafaʻaki ʻi he 90° pe 180° ʻi he ngaahi avanoa sitepu nounou.
Ke lau ʻa e ngaahi sitepu mo ha tuʻunga toka, vakai ki he hala-fāʻele ko ha ongo laka makehe ʻe ua pea lau taki taha taʻe ki ʻolunga taha. Ko e hake kātoa ʻo e laka ʻi ʻolunga ko e māʻolunga mei he faliki ki he tuʻunga toka; ko e hake kātoa ʻo e laka ʻi lalo ko e māʻolunga mei he tuʻunga toka ki he faliki. ʻOku fua makehe ʻa e ongo pou ʻe ua pea ʻoku malolo ki he faʻunga ʻo e tuʻunga toka. Ko e papa ʻo e tuʻunga toka ʻokú ne tānaki ʻa e loloto fakatāfā ki hoʻo laka kātoa — ʻoku fa’a 900mm ki he 1200mm ʻo e loloto ʻo e tuʻunga toka ʻi ʻolunga ʻo e ngaahi laka kuo tuʻutaha.
Ngāueʻaki ʻa e kalakuleita sitepu ʻa Chippy Tools tuʻo ua — taha ki he flight taki taha — ke maʻu ʻa e ongo loloa ʻo e pou ʻe ua mo e ongo fokotuʻu ʻo e hake/laka. Tānaki fakalava ʻa e loloto ʻo e tuʻunga toka ki he laka kātoa ʻi hoʻo lau ki he ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻo e vā faliki.
Lau ʻo e Sitepu ʻOku Ngāue Pē
ʻOku tokangaʻi ʻe Chippy Tools ʻa e ngaahi lau sitepu, ngaahi sitepu teki, ngaahi tuʻunga toka, fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e teki, mo e vahaʻa ʻo e balustrade ʻi he ʻepi ʻe taha. Download ʻi he tuʻo taha, lau ʻi ha feituʻu pē — ʻoku ʻikai fie maʻu ha ʻinitaneti.
Ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻo e ngaahi lao langa ki he hake mo e laupapa ʻo e sitepu
ʻOku kehekehe lahi ʻa e ngaahi lao ʻo e sitepu ʻi he ngaahi vahefonua — fakapapauʻi maʻu pē mo hoʻo kau fakafofonga fakalotofonua pe ko e maʻuʻanga ʻo e mafai langa ʻi muʻa ʻi he langa. ʻOku kau ʻi he ngaahi fakangatangata angamaheni ʻa e:
ʻAositelēlia (NCC Volume Two) — hake māʻolunga taha 190mm, hake siʻi taha 115mm, laka siʻi taha 240mm, laka māʻolunga taha 355mm. Ko e tuʻutuʻuni 2R + G (faka-tuʻo-ua ʻa e hake tānaki ʻa e laka) ʻoku totonu ke ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 550mm mo e 700mm.
Pilitania Lahi (Approved Document K) — ngaahi sitepu fakatāutaha hake māʻolunga taha 220mm, laka siʻi taha 220mm. ʻOku ʻikai totonu ke tuʻa ʻa e fakaholo ʻi he 42°. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ha ngaahi fakangatangata makehe, mālohi ange ki he ngaahi sitepu lautohi ʻi he ngaahi fale.
ʻAmelika (IRC) — hake māʻolunga taha 7-3/4" (≈ 197mm), loloto laupapa siʻi taha 10" (≈ 254mm). ʻOku ʻikai totonu ke tuʻa ha faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha ongo hake ʻe ua hokohoko ʻi he 3/8" (≈ 9.5mm).
Niu Sila (NZBC D1) — hake māʻolunga taha 190mm, laka siʻi taha 280mm ki he ngaahi sitepu fakatāutaha.
ʻOku faka ngofuaʻi koe ʻe he kalakuleita sitepu ʻa Chippy Tools ke ke fakaliliu ʻa e hake māʻolunga/siʻi taha angamaheni koeʻuhí ke faka ʻapasia ʻe he ola ʻa e lao ʻe ngāue ki hoʻo poloseki. Kapau ʻoku ʻikai te ke fakapapauʻi pe ko e fē ʻa e ngaahi fakangatangata ʻe ngāue, fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e mālohi taha ʻo e: lao fakalotofonua, AS 1657 (fakapisinisi), pe ko e fakaikiiki mei he faʻu fakapulepulekehe ki he ngaahi konga sitepu kuo mua-langa.
Ngaahi ʻuta imipealiale mo metuliki
ʻOku tali ʻe Chippy Tools ʻa e milimita, sentimita, mita, futa, ʻinisi, pe ko e futa mo e ʻinisi ʻi ha tuʻunga pē. Hū hoʻo hake kātoa ʻi he ʻinisi mo e laka taumuʻa ʻi he milimita ʻi he lau tatau pē kapau ʻokú ke fie — ʻoku liliu ʻe he ʻepi ʻi loto. ʻOku ʻaonga lahi ʻeni ʻi hoʻo fakatau ʻakau mei ha supla metuliki ʻi ha fonua ʻoku kei fua ʻa e māʻolunga ʻo e faliki ʻi he futa mo e ʻinisi (Kanata, ngaahi konga ʻo e Kalipiani, mo e niʻihi).
ʻOku muimui ʻa e hake mo e laka angamaheni ki he angamaʻu ʻAositelēlia (hake taumuʻa 180mm, laka taumuʻa 250mm) kae ʻoku tali ʻe he hū taki taha ha fua faʻiteliha, ko ia te ke lava ʻo fokotuʻu ʻa e angamaʻu US IRC (7" / 11"), angamaʻu UK (190mm / 240mm), pe ko hoʻo seti ʻokú ke saʻi ai ʻi he tuʻo taha pea toe ngāueʻaki ʻi he ngāue taki taha.
Ko e hā ke ngāueʻaki ai ha kalakuleita sitepu ʻi ho telefoni
Kuo langa ʻa e ʻepi Chippy Tools ki he kau ngāue ʻa ia ʻoku nau fie maʻu ʻa e ngaahi lau ʻi he feituʻu ngāue taʻe ha ʻinitaneti. Kuo fakahoa ʻa e kalakuleita sitepu ʻi he ʻepi tatau pē mo e Kalakuleita Teki, Kalakuleita Vahaʻa Pou Siʻisiʻi, mo e Kalakuleita Fakaholo ʻo e ʻAto — lau ʻa e teki, sitepu ʻo e teki, balustrade ʻo e teki, mo e fakaholo ʻo e veranda ʻi he ngāue tatau ʻe taha taʻe ha toe hū ʻo e ngaahi fua.
ʻOku maumau ʻa e ngaahi kalakuleita uepi ʻi he ngaahi fale ʻi lalo ʻi he kelekele ʻoku ʻikai ha fakaʻiloa pea ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu langa fou mamaʻo ʻoku tepatepa ai ʻa e 4G. ʻOku ngāue fakalokolo ʻa e kalakuleita Chippy Tools ʻi ho telefoni pe tablet — ʻoku ʻi he sikulini ʻa e tali ʻi he siʻi ange ʻi he sēkoni ʻe taha. Sui ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e metuliki mo e imipealiale taʻe ha toe kamata, fakatolonga ha ngaahi presets sitepu angamaheni ki he ngaahi fua hake/laka ʻokú ke ngāueʻaki tokolahi taha, pea toʻo hake ʻa e kalakuleita hangatonu mei hoʻo widget peesi ʻapi ʻi he taimi ʻoku fehuʻi mai ai ha kasitoma ki ha totongi vave lolotonga ha kuoteina.
Ngaahi kalakuleita kāinga
- Kalakuleita Teki — ki hono fua ʻo e laupapa teki, joist, mo e bearer ʻi he taimi ʻoku fehokotaki ai ʻa e hala-fāʻele mo ha teki
- Kalakuleita Vahaʻa Pou Siʻisiʻi — ki he balustrade ʻo e pou puipui ʻo e sitepu ʻa ia ʻoku fakahoa mo e hala-fāʻele
- Kalakuleita Fakaholo ʻo e ʻAto — ki he veranda, kapaʻi ʻato, mo e fakaholo ʻo e ʻato, ʻa ia ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻa e lau hake-ʻi-he-laka tatau pē
- Kalakuleita Tapatolu — ki ha palopalema tapatolu fakatuʻutāmaki tonu pē ʻi he taimi ʻokú ke fie maʻu ai ha loloa pou vave taʻe ha founga sitepu kātoa